Substituted phenylamine- and phenyloxy-quinazolines as herbicides

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns novel compounds of the formula I ##STR1## The compounds are herbicides and in further embodiments the invention provides: processes for the preparation of compounds of formula I; intermediates useful in the preparation of compounds of formula I; compositions containing as active ingredient compounds of formula I; and processes for severely damaging or killing unwanted plants by applying to the plants or to the growth medium of the plants an effective amount of a compound of formula I.

This invention relates to organic compounds having biological activity and in particular to organic compounds having herbicidal properties, to processes for the preparation of such compounds, to intermediates useful in the preparation of such compounds and to herbicidal compositions and processes utilizing such compounds.

We have now found a new class of quinazolines which exhibit biological activity, and in particular herbicidal activity.

Accordingly the invention provides a compound of formula I: ##STR2## or a salt thereof wherein:

A, B, D, E, J, U and V are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, thiocyano, amino, C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, C₃ to C₇ cycloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, C₁ to C₆ haloalkoxy, C₁ to C₆ alkylthio, C₁ to C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁ to C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkylsulfinyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkylsulfonyl, sulfo, C₁ to C₆ alkoxysulfonyl, sulfamoyl, N-(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)sulfamoyl, N,N-di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)sulfamoyl, carboxy (C₁ to C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl, carbamoyl, N-(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)-carbamoyl, N,N-di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)carbamoyl, phenyl, phenoxy, phenylthio, and the groups substituted phenyl, substituted phenoxy and substituted phenylthio wherein in each group the phenyl ring is substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents chosen from the group consisting of halogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, nitro and cyano;

R¹ is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, C₂ to C₆ alkoxyalkyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, acetyl, propionyl and C₂ to C₆ alkoxycarbonyl;

R² is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₂ to C₆ alkenyl, C₂ to C₆ alkoxyalkyl and C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, or R¹ and R² together may form a methylene, ethylidene, propylidene or isopropylidene group;

W is chosen from the group consisting of cyano, thiocarbamoyl, ##STR3## and CH₂ Z wherein: G is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, mercapto, C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁ to C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyloxy, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynyloxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkylthio, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenylthio, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynylthio, C₃ to C₇ cycloalkoxy, C₃ to C₇ cycloalkoxy substituted with 1 or 2 C₁ to C₄ alkyl groups, phenoxy, phenylthio, benzyloxy, benzylthio, the group C₁ to C₆ alkoxy substituted with a substituent chosen from the group consisting of C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, amino, ammonio, cyano, N-(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino and N,N,N tri(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)ammonio, the groups phenoxy, phenylthio, benzyloxy and benzylthio wherein in each group the phenyl ring is substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents chosen from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl and C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, the group OM wherein M is the cation of an inorganic or organic base, the group --NHSO₂ R³ wherein R³ is chosen from C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl and C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, alkyl, the group --NR⁴ R⁵ wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, phenyl and benzyl or R⁴ and R⁵ together form a heterocyclic ring, and the group --O--N═R¹⁰ wherein R¹⁰ is a C₁ to C₁₀ alkylidene group;

and Z is chosen from halogen, hydroxy, mercapto, C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁ to C₁₀ haloalkoxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkylthio and the group NR⁴ R⁵ wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are as hereinbefore defined;

X is chosen from oxygen and sulfur;

Y is chosen from oxygen, sulfur and the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is chosen from hydrogen, C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynyl, C₂ to C₁₀ alkoxyalkyl, cyanomethylene, C₁ to C₆ -(alkoxy)carbonylmethylene, C₁ to C₁₀ haloalkyl, formyl, C₂ to C₁₀ alkanoyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzoyl, and the groups phenyl, benzyl and benzoyl wherein in each group the phenyl ring is substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents chosen from the group consisting of halogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ halo-alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, nitro and cyano; k and 1 are independently chosen from 0 and 1; and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The compounds of formula I wherein R¹ and R² are not the same, are optically active and the present invention also includes the individual stereo isomers of such compounds, and mixtures of those stereo isomers in addition to the racemic mixture of stereo isomers. When W is the group ##STR4## wherein G is the group OM and M is the cation of an inorganic or organic base, suitable inorganic bases include the alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides and carbonates, and ammonia and suitable organic bases include amines of the formula NR⁷ R⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, phenyl and benzyl.

When W is chosen from the group ##STR5## and --CH₂ Z wherein G or Z is the group --NR⁴ R⁵ and R⁴ and R⁵ together form a heterocyclic ring, suitable heterocyclic groups include 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 1-imidazolidinyl, 1-pyrazolidinyl, 1-piperidyl, 1-piperazinyl and 4-morpholinyl.

Preferred A, B, D, E, J, U and V include hydrogen, halogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ haloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, amino, N-(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino and phenyl.

Preferred R¹ and R² include hydrogen and C₁ to C₆ alkyl.

Preferred W is the group ##STR6## The specific nature of G is not narrowly critical and therefore the group ##STR7## may be a free carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof such as an acid salt, acid ester, acid amide, acid sulfonamide or acid oxime ester. Preferred G include hydroxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy, C₁ to C₁₀ haloalkoxy C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyloxy, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynyloxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkylthio, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenylthio, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynylthio, cyclohexyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, the group C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy substituted with a substituent chosen from the group consisting of C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, amino, N-(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)amino and N,N,N-tri(C₁ to C₆ alkyl)ammonio, the group --NR⁴ R⁵ wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are independently chosen from hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, benzyl and phenyl, the group OM wherein M is an alkali metal ion, alkaline earth metal ion or an ammonium ion HN.sup.⊕ R⁷ R.sup. 8 R⁹ wherein R⁷, R⁸ and R⁹ are independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, phenyl and benzyl, the group --NHSO₂ R³ wherein R³ is C₁ to C₆ alkyl, and the group --O--N═R¹⁰ wherein R¹⁰ is a C₁ to C₁₀ alkylidene group. More preferred G include hydroxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkoxy, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyloxy, C₂ to C₁₀ alkynyloxy, C₁ to C₁₀ alkylthio and the group OM wherein M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ion.

Preferred X is oxygen.

Preferred Y include oxygen and the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is chosen from hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and C₂ to C₁₀ alkynyl.

Preferred n include 0 and 2.

Examples of the compounds embraced by the invention include: ##STR8##

Preferred compounds of formula I are those 2-quinazolinyl compounds in which the phenyl ring is 1,4-substituted, that is, compounds of formula II ##STR9##

The compounds of the invention may be prepared by a variety of methods and in a further aspect the invention provides methods for the preparation of the compounds of formula I.

Compounds of formula Ia ##STR10## wherein G is not hydroxy may be prepared from the acid of formula Ib (I; W=--CO₂ H) by, for example, neutralisation of the acid with a base to give an acid salt, esterification of the acid with an alcohol, thiol, phenol or thiophenol to give an acid ester, or reaction of the acid (or acid halide derivative thereof) with an amine to give an anide (SCHEME A). Processes known in the art for the preparation of acid salts, acid esters, acid halides and acid amides may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare compounds of the invention of formula Ia from compounds of the invention of formula Ib. ##STR11##

Nitriles of the invention of formula Ic (I; W=--C.tbd.N) may be prepared, for example, from the acid amide of formula Id (I; W=--CONH₂) (SCHEME B). ##STR12##

Alcohols of the invention of formula Ie (I; W=CH₂ OH) may be prepared from the acid or acid esters of formula If (I; ##STR13## wherein G=OH or O-alkyl) by reduction (SCHEME C). Processes known in the art for the reduction of acids or acid esters to alcohols, for example lithium aluminium hydride reduction, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare alcohols of the invention of formula Ie from esters of the invention of formula If. ##STR14##

Alkyl halides of the invention of formula Ig (I; W=CH₂ -halogen) may be prepared from alcohols of formula IE (I; W=--CH₂ OH) by halogenation. Processes known in the art for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides, for example halogenation with reagents such as thionyl chloride, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare alkyl halides of the invention of formula Ig from alcohols of the invention of formula Ie.

Ethers of the invention of formula Ih (I; W=--CH₂ OR) may be prepared from alcohols of formula Ie (I; W=--CH₂ OH) by alkylation. Processes known in the art for the conversion of alcohols to ethers, for example by reaction with alkyl halides using the Williamson ether synthesis, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare ethers of the invention of formula Ih from alcohols of the invention of formula Ie.

Ethers (thioethers) of the invention of formula Ih (Ii) [I; W=--CH₂ OR(--CH₂ SR)] may be prepared from alkyl halides of formula Ig (I; W=CH₂ --halogen) by alkoxylation (thioalkoxylation). Processes known in the art for the conversion of alkyl halides to ethers (thioethers), for example by reaction with alcohols (thiols) using the Williamson ether synthesis, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare ethers (thioethers) of the invention of formula Ih (Ii) from alkyl balides of the invention of formula Ig.

Amines of the invention of formula Ij (I; W=--CH₂ NR⁴ R⁵) may be prepared from the alkyl halides of formula Ig (I; W=--CH₂ --halogen) by amination or from the amides of formula ##STR15## by reduction. Processes known in the art for the conversion of alkyl halides to amines, for example by reaction with amines, and for the conversion of amides to amines, for example by reduction with agents such as lithium aluminium hydride, may be adapted without undue experimentation, to prepare amines of the invention of formula Ij from alkyl halides of the invention of formula Ig and from amides of the invention of formula Ik respectively.

N-oxides of the invention of formula I wherein one or both of k and is 1 may be prepared from compounds of the invention of formula I wherein k and/or is 0 by oxidation. Processes known in the art for the conversion of quinazolines to quinazoline N-oxides, for example oxidations using persulfates, peroxides, peracids or peresters, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare N-oxides of the invention.

Compounds of the invention of formula I in which Y is the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is not hydrogen may be prepared from compounds of the invention of formula I in which Y is the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is hydrogen by, for example, alkylation or acylation. Processes known in the art for the preparation of derivatives of secondary amines, for example alkylations with alkyl halides and acylations with acyl halides, may be adapted, without undue experimentation, to prepare the novel compounds of the invention wherein R¹ is not hydrogen.

Compounds of the formula I wherein A, B, D, E, U, V, Y, X, R¹, R², J, W, k, l and n are as hereinbefore defined may be prepared by the condensation of a phenol or thiophenol of formula IX with a compound of formula X wherein hal is chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably in the presence of an alkaline material; according to SCHEME D. ##STR16##

Compounds of formula I may also be prepared by: (a) the condensation of the appropriate quinazoline derivative of formula V, wherein L is a leaving group (for example, alkylsulfonyl, chlorine, bromine or iodine) with the appropriate compound of formula VI according to SCHEME E. ##STR17##

(b) the following steps in sequence:

(i) the condensation of the appropriate quinazoline derivative of formula V, wherein L is a leaving group (for example, alkylsulfonyl, chlorine, bromine or iodine) with the appropriate compound for formula VII, wherein Q is hydroxy, mercapto, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or C₁ to C₆ alkylthio to give a compound of formula VIII wherein Q is hydroxy, mercapto, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or C₁ to C₆ alkylthio;

(ii) the dealkylation of the compound of formula VIII prepared in step (i) above wherein Q is C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or C₁ to C₆ alkylthio to give a compound of formula IX; and

(iii) the condensation of the product of formula IX obtained in step (i) or step (ii) above with a compound of formula X according to the process described for SCHEME D above (Steps (i) and (ii) are shown in SCHEME F); or ##STR18##

(c) the following steps in sequence:

(i) the condensation of the appropriate quinazoline derivative of formula XI with the appropriate benzene derivative of formula XII wherein L is a leaving group (for example, alkylsulfonyl, chlorine, bromine or iodine) and Q is hydroxy, mercapto, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or C₁ to C₆ alkylthio, to give a compound of formula VIII wherein Q is as hereinbefore defined;

(ii) the dealkylation of the compound of formula VIII prepared in step (i) above wherein Q is C₁ to C₆ alkoxy or C₁ to C₆ alkylthio, to give a compound of formula IX according to the process described for SCHEME F step (ii) above; and

(iii) the condensation of the product of formula IX obtained in step (i) or step (ii) above with a compound of formula X according to the process described for SCHEME D above (step (i) is shown in SCHEME G). ##STR19##

The condensation reaction illustrated in SCHEMES D, and E to G wherein Y is oxygen or sulfur, and outlined above are preferably carried out in the presence of an alkaline material. Suitable alkaline materials include alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides and carbonates such as, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate.

The condensation reactions illustrated in Schemes D to G and outlined above are also preferably carried out in the presence of a solvent. Suitable solvents include ketones such as, for example, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone, and dipolar aprotic solvents such as, for example, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide and sulfolan.

The reaction conditions required to effect the condensation reactions illustrated in SCHEMES D, E, F, and G and outlined above vary according to the nature of the reactants and the solvent used. In general the reaction is facilitated by the application of heat and usually a reaction temperature in the range of 40° to 150° C. and reaction time of between 0.5 and 20 hours is satisfactory. However, higher or lower reaction temperatures and/or shorter or longer reaction times may be used if desired.

The dealkylation reactions illustrated in SCHEMES F and G and outlined in paragraphs (b)(ii) and (c)(ii) above may be effected using a variety of reagents known in the art. For example, aryl-alkyl ethers may be cleaved using reagents such as pyridine hydrochloride, hydriodic acid, hydrobromic acid, sodium thioethoxide in dimethylformamide, acetyl p-toluenesulphonate, sodium or potassium iodide in formic or acetic acid, lithium iodide in 2,4,6-collidine and boron tribromide. Reaction times and reaction conditions vary widely depending on the dealkylation agent used and the ether to be cleaved.

The reaction conditions generally employed when using the above "ether-cleavage" reagents are known to those skilled in the art and may be adapted without undue experimentation to effect the "ether-cleavage" reactions illustrated in SCHEMES F and G and outlined in paragraph (b)(ii) and (c)(ii) above.

The compounds of formula VIII ##STR20## which are useful intermediates in the preparation of compounds of formula I, are novel compounds. Therefore, in a further embodiment the invention provides compounds of formula VIII wherein A, B, D, E, J, k, l, Y, U, V and Q are as hereinbefore defined.

The compounds of formula I are active as herbicides and therefore, in a further aspect the invention provides a process for severely damaging or killing unwanted plants which process comprises applying to the plants, or to the growth medium of the plants, an effective amount of a compound of formula I as herein before defined.

Generally speaking the compounds of formula I are herbicidally effective against a variety of plants. However, certain of the compounds of the invention are selectively active against monocotyledonous plants, dicotyledonous plants being relatively unaffected by rates of application of the compounds of the invention which are severely damaging or lethal to other plant species.

Moreover, certain of the compounds of formula I are selectively active within the group of monocotyledonous plants and may be used at a rate sufficient to kill or severly damage monocotyledonous weeds in a monocotyledonous cereal crop.

Therefore, in yet a further aspect the invention provides a process for selectively controlling the growth of weeds in crops which process comprises applying to the crop, or to the growth medium of the crop, a compound of formula I, as hereinbefore defined, in an amount sufficient to severely damage or kill the weeds but insufficient to damage the crop substantially.

The compounds of formula I may be applied directly to the plant (post-emergence application) or to the soil before the emergence of the plant (pre-emergence application). However, the compounds arc, in general, more effective when applied to the plant post-emergence.

The compounds of formula I may be used on their own to inhibit the growth of, severely damage, or kill plants but are preferably used in the form of a composition comprising a compound of the invention in admixture with a carrier comprising a solid or liquid diluent. Therefore, in yet a further aspect the invention provides plant growth inhibiting, plant damaging, or plant killing compositions comprising a compound of formula I as hereinbefore defined and an inert carrier therefor.

Compositions according to the invention include both dilute compositions, which are ready for immediate use, and concentrated compositions, which require to be diluted before use, usually with water. Preferably the compositions contain from 0.01% to 90% by weight of the active ingredient. Dilute compositions ready for use preferably contain from 0.01 to 2% of active ingredient, while concentrated compositions may contain from 20 to 90% of active ingredient, although from 20 to 70% is usually preferred.

The solid compositions may be in the form of granules, or dusting powders wherein the active ingredient is mixed with a finely divided solid diluent, eg kaolin, bentonite, kieselguhr, dolomite, calcium carbonate, talc, powdered magnesia, Fuller's earth and gypsum. They may also be in the form of dispersible powders or grains, comprising a wetting agent to facilitate the dispersion of the powder or grains in liquid. Solid compositions in the form of a powder may be applied as foliar dusts.

Liquid compositions may comprise a solution or dispersion of an active ingredient in water optionally containing a surface-active agent, or may comprise a solution or dispersion of an active ingredient in a water-immiscible organic solvent which is dispersed as droplets in water.

Surface active agents may be of the cationic, anionic, or non-ionic type. The cationic agents are, for example, quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Suitable anionic agents are soaps; salts of aliphatic mono esters of sulphuric acid, for example sodium lauryl sulphate; and salts of sulphonated aromatic compounds, for example sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate, sodium, calcium, and ammonium lignosulphonate, butylnaphthalene sulphonate, and a mixture of the sodium salts of diisopropyl- and triisopropylnaphthalenesulphonic acid. Suitable non-ionic agents are the condensation products of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols such as oleyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol, or with alkylphenols such as octyl- or nonyl-phenol or octyl-cresol. Other non-ionic agents are the partial esters derived from long chain fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monolaurate; the condensation products of the partial ester with ethylene oxide; and the lecithins.

The aqueous solutions or dispersions may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in water or an organic solvent optionally containing wetting or dispersing agent(s) and then, when organic solvents are used, adding the mixture so obtained to water optionally containing wetting or dispersing agent(s) . Suitable organic solvents include, for example, ethylene dichloride, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, diacetone alcohol, toluene, kerosene, methylnaphthalene, the xylenes and trichloroethylene.

The compositions for use in the form of aqueous solution or dispersions are generally supplied in the form of a concentrate containing a high proportion of the active ingredient, and the concentrate is then diluted with water before use. The concentrates are usually required to withstand storage for prolonged periods and after such storage, to be capable of dilution with water to form aqueous preparations which remain homogeneous for a sufficient time to enable them to be applied by conventional spray equipment. Concentrates conveniently contain 20-90%, preferably 20-70%, by weight of the active ingredient(s). Dilute preparations ready for use may contain varying amounts of the active ingredient(s) depending upon the intended purpose; amounts of 0.01% to 10.0% and preferably 0.1% to 2%, by weight of active ingredient(s) are normally used.

A preferred form of concentrated composition comprising the active ingredient which has been finely divided and which has been dispersed in water in the presence of a surface-active agent and a suspending agent. Suitable suspending agents are hydrophilic colloids and include, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and the vegetable gums, for example gum acacia and gum tragacanth. Preferred suspending agents are those which impart thixotropic properties to, and increase the viscosity of the concentrate. Examples of preferred suspending agents include hydrated colloidal mineral silicates, such as montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, hectorite, saponite, and saucorite. Bentonite is especially preferred. Other suspending agents include cellulose derivatives and polyvinyl alcohol.

The rate of application of the compounds of the invention will depend on a number of factors including, for example, the compound chosen for use, the identity of the plants whose growth is to be inhibited the formulations selected for use and whether the compound is to be applied for foliage or root uptake. As a general guide, however, an application rate of from 0.005 to 20 kilograms per hectare is suitable while from 0.1 to 10 kilograms per hectare may be preferred.

The compositions of the invention may comprise, in addition to one or more compounds of the invention, one or more compounds not of the invention but which possess biological activity. For example, as hereinbefore indicated the compounds of the invention are in general substantially more effective against monocotyledonous plants or grass species than against dicotyledonous plants or broad-leaved species. As a result, in certain applications the herbicidal use of the compounds of the invention alone may be sufficient to protect a crop. Accordingly in yet a still further embodiment the invention provides a herbicidal composition comprising a mixture of at least one herbicidal compound of formula I as hereinbefore defined with at least one other herbicide.

The other herbicide may be any herbicide not having the formula I. It will generally be a herbicide having a complementary action. For example, one preferred class is of mixtures comprising a herbicide active against broad-leaved weeds. A second preferred class is of mixtures comprising a contact herbicide.

Examples of useful complementary herbicides include:

A. benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxides such as 3-isopropylbenzo-2,1,3-thiadiazin 4-one 2,2 dioxide (common name bentazon);

B. hormone herbicides and in particular the phenoxyalkanoic acids such as 4 chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid (common name MCPA), 2-(2,4 dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (common name dichlorprop), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (common name 2,4,5-T), 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butyric acid (common name MCPB), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (common name 2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (common name 2,4-DB), 2-(4-chloro-2 methylphenoxy)propionic acid (common name mecoprop), and their derivatives (eg salts, esters, amides and the like);

C. 3-[4-(4-halophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dialkylureas such as 3-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (common name chloroxuron);

D. dinitrophenols and their derivatives (eg acetates) such as 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (common name DNOC), 2-tertiarybutyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (common name dinoterb), 2-secondarybutyl 4,6-dinitrophenol (common name dinoseb) and its ester dinoseb acetate;

E. dinitroaniline herbicides such as N',N'-diethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-m-phenylenediamine (common name dinitramine), 2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl 4-trifluoromethylaniline (common name trifluralin) and 4-methylsulfonyl-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (common name nitralin);

F. phenylurea herbicides such as N'-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (common name diuron) and N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea (common name fluometuron);

G. phenylcarbamoyloxyphenylcarbamates such as 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl (3-methylphenyl)-carbamate (common name phenmedipham) and 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino-]phenyl phenylcarbamate (common name desmedipham);

H. 2-phenylpyridazin-3-ones such as 5-amino 4-chloro 2-phenylpyridazin-3-one (common name pyrazon);

I. uracil herbicides such as 3-cyclohexyl 5,6trimethyleneuracil (common name lenacil), 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6 -methyluracil (common name bromacil) and 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (commnon name terbacil);

J. triazine herbicides such as 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6 -(iso-propylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (common name atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-di(ethylamino)-1,3,5 -triazine (common name simazine) and 2-azido-4-(iso-propylamino)-6-methylthio-1,3,5-triazine (common name aziprotryne);

K. 1-alkoxy-1 alkyl-3-phenylurea herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (common name linuron), 3-(4-chlorophenyl) 1-methoxy-1-methylurea (common name monolinuron) and 3(4-bromo-4-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (common name chlorobromuron);

L. thiolcarbamate herbicides such as S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (common name verolate);

M. 1,2,4-triazin-5-one herbicides such as 4-amino-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4 triazine-5-one (common name metamitron) and 4-amino 6-tert butyl-4,5-dihydro-3-methylthio-1,3,4-triazin 5-one (common name metribuzin);

N. benzoic acid herbicides such as 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (common name 2,3,6-TBA), 3,6 dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (common name dicamba) and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (common name chloramben).

O. anilide herbicides such as N-butoxymethyl -α-chloro-2', 6'-diethylacetanilide (common name butachlor), the corresponding N-methoxy compound (common name alachlor), the corresponding N-iso-propyl compound (common name propachlor) and 3',4'-dichloropropionanilide (common name propanil);

P. dihalobenzonitrile herbicides such as 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (common name dichlobenil), 3,5 dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (common name bromoxynil) and 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (common name ioxynil).

Q. haloalkanoic herbicides such as 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (common name dalapon), trichloroacetic acid (common name TCA) and salts thereof;

R. diphenylether herbicides such as 4-nitrophenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether (conmon name fluorodifen), methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate (common name bifenox), 2-nitro-5 (2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzoic acid and 2 -chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl 3-ethoxy 4-nitrophenyl ether and the compounds disclosed in European Patent publication No. 3,416; and

S. miscellaneous herbicides including N,N-dimethyldiphenylacetamide (common name diphenamid), N (1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid (common name naptalam) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.

Examples of useful contact herbicides include:

T. bipyridylium herbicides such as those in which the active entity is the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium ion (common name paraquat) and those in which the active entity is the 1,1'-ethylene 2,2'-dipyridylium ion (common name diquat),

U. organoarsenical herbicides such as monosodium methanearsonate (common name MSMA); and

V. amino acid herbicides such as N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (common name glyphosate) and its salts and esters.

The invention is now illustated by, but in no way limited to, the following Examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Methyl 2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinazolinyloxy)phenoxy]propionate (1)

A mixture of 2,6-dichloroquinazoline (1.0 g; prepared according to the method of K Sasse, Synthesis, 1978, 379), methyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionate (0.98 g), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.76 g) and methyl ethyl ketone (50 ml) was heated under reflux for a period of 24 hours. After cooling the mixture was diluted with water and the aqueous mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was dried (anhydroussodium sulfate) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed over silica gel (eluant dichloromethane) to give methyl 2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinazolinyloxy)phenox]propionate as a white solid mp 148° C. The assigned structure was confirmed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

EXAMPLE 2

The following compounds were prepared by reacting the appropriate quinazoline and the appropriate alkyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)alkanecarboxylate following essentially the same procedure as that described in Example 1: ethyl 4-(4-quinazolinyloxy)phenoxyacetate (17), mp 95° C.; ethyl 2-[4-(4-quinazolin-vloxy)phenoxy]-propionate (18), mp 40° C.; methyl 2-[4-(2-phenyl-4-quinazolinyloxy)phenoxy]propionate (19), mp 118° C.; ethyl 2-[4-(7-chloro-4-quinazolinyloxy)phenoxy]-propionate (20), mp 108° C.; ethyl 2-[4-(4-methoxyquinazolin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate (23), mp 120° C.; ethyl 2-[4-(6-chloro-4-methoxyquinazolin-2-yloxy) phenoxy[propionate (24), mp 126° C.; ethyl 2-]4- (6 chloro-4 4-phenylquinazolin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate (25), mp 124° C.; and ethyl 2-[-4-(4-dimethylaminoquinazolin-2-yloxy)phenoxy]propionate (26), an oil, proton magnetic resonance spectrum (CDC₃ ; δ in ppm): 8.0 (1H, bd); 7.6 (2H, m); 7.5-6.8 (5H, m); 4.8 (1H, q); 4.3 (2H, q); 3.3 (6H, s); 1.6 (3H, d); 1.3 (3H, t).

The assigned structures were confirmed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

EXAMPLE 3 Ethyl 2-{4-[N-(6-chloro-2-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]-phenoxy}propionate (21)

(a) A mixture of 2,6-dichloroquinazoline (0.65 g), 4-(N-methylamino)phenol sulfate (0.56 g), ethanol (20 ml) and water (20 ml) was heated under reflux for a period of 5 hours. After cooling most of the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure and the solid product 4-[N-(6chloro-2-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino/phenol, mp ca 200° C. was collected by filtration.

(b) A mixture of 4-[N-(6-chloro-2-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]phenol (0.52 g), ethyl 2-bromopropionate (0.40 g), potassium carbonate (0.28 g) and methyl ethyl ketone (25 ml) was heated under reflux for a period of 18 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with water and the aqueous mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was dried (anhydrous sodium sulfate) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography over silica gel (eluant dichloromethane) to give ethyl 2-{4-[N-(6-chloro-2-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]phenoxy}propionate as a yellow oil. The assigned structure was confirmed by proton magnetic resonance (pmr) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Pmr spectrum (CDCl₃ ; δ in ppm): 8.93 (1H, s, quinazoline hetero ring proton); 7.60 (3H, s, quinazoline benzo-ring protons); 7.13 (4H, d of d, phenoxy protons); 4.80 (1H, q, CH--CH₃); 4.27 (2H, q, CH₂ --CH₃); 1.60 (3H, d, CH--CH₃); 1.27 (3H, t, CH₂ --cH₃).

EXAMPLE 4 Ethyl 2-{4-[N-(7-chloro-4-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]-phenoxy}propionate (22)

(a) 4,7-Dichloroquinazoline (prepared according to the method of Price et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1946, 68, 1305) was reacted with 4-(N-methylamino)phenol sulfate, following essentially the same procedure as that described in Example 3 part a), to give 4-[N-(7-chloro-4-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]phenol as a yellow solid, mp 165° C.

(b) 4-[N-(7-Chloro-4-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]phenol was reacted with ethyl 2-bromopropionate, following essentially the same procedure as that described in Example 3 part(b), to give ethyl 2-{4-[N-(7-chloro-4-quinazolinyl)-N-methylamino]phenoxy}propionate as a yellow solid mp 92° C. The assigned structure was confirmed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

EXAMPLE 5

Ethyl 2-{4-[N-(6-chloro-4-methoxyquinazolin-2yl)-N-methylamino]phenoxy}propionate (27) wa 2,6-dichloro-4-mathoxyquinazoline, 4-(N-methylamino)phenol sulfate and ethyl 2-bromopropionate following essentially the same procedure as that described in Example 4. The product, an oil, was characterised by mass spectrometry and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCl ₃ ;δ in ppm): 7.8 (1H, bs); 7.4 (2H, bs); 7.0 (4H, d of d); 4.7 (1H, q); 4.2 (2H, q); 3.8 (3H, s); 3.5 (3H, s); 1.6 (3H, d); 1.2 (3H, t).

EXAMPLE 6 Ethyl 2-{4-[N-(4,6-dichloroquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamino]phenoxy}propionate (28)

(a) 2,6-Dichloro-4-hydroxyquinazoline was prepared from 2,4,6-trichloroquinazoline by the general method of Curd et al J. Chem. Soc., 1947, 775

(b) A mixture of 2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinazoline (3.3 g), 4-(N-methylamino)phenol sulphate (2.65 g) and water (80 ml) was heated under reflux for a period of 8 hours. After cooling some solid was removed by filtration and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 ml). The ethyl acetate layer was dried and evaporated to give a grey solid residue. The mass spectra of the two solids were the same and consistent with their both being 4-[N-(6-chloro-4-hydroxyquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamino]phenol, mp >250° C., combined yield 3.5 g.

(c) 4-[N-(6-chloro-4-hydroxyquinazolin-2-yl) N-methylamino]phenol (3.5 g of sample from part b)) was reacted with phosphoryl chloride (40 ml) under reflux with stirring for 5 hours. The phosphoryl chloride was removed by distillation and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate solution was washed with cold aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and then cold water. The solid material which remained undissolved was collected by filtration and identified by mass spectrometry (m/e 319, 90% (M⁺); 318, 100%) as 4-[N-(4,6-dichloroquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamino/-phenol, mp >250° C. The aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a further crop of the desired product. The ethyl acetate layer was dried and evaporated to give a small quantity of 2,4,6-trichloroquinazoline, mp 122° C.

(d) 4-[N-(4,6-dichloroquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamino]phenol was reacted with ethyl 2-bromopropionate, following essentially the same procedure as that described in Example 3 part b), to give ethyl 2-{4-[-(4,6-dichloroquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamin]phenoxy}propionate as a pale yellow oil. Proton magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCl₃ ; δ in ppm): 8.0 (1H, bs); 7.5 (2H, bs); 7.05 (4H, d of d); 4.75 (1H, q); 4.25 (2H, q); 3.5 (3H, s); 1.6 (3H, d); 1.3 (3H, t). Mass spectrum m/e 419 (parent ion, 55% of base peak), 318 (base peak).

EXAMPLE 7

Concentrated formulations of the compounds of the invention were prepared by:

(a) in the case of oils and waxy solids, dissolving the compound in toluene containing 7% v/v "Teric" N13 ("Teric" is a Trade Mark and "Teric" N13, a product of ethoxylation of nonylphenol, is available from ICI Australia Limited) and 3% v/v "Kemmat" SC15B ("Kemmat" is a Trade Mark and "Kemmat" SC15B is a formulation of calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate); or

(b) in the case of crystalline solids, adding 5 parts by weight of the compound and 1 part by weight of "Dyapol" PT ("Dyapol" is a Trade Mark and "Dyapol" PT is an anionic suspending agent) to 94 parts by weight of an aqueous solution containing 0.25% v/v of "Teric" N8 (a product of ethoxylation of nonylphenol) and ball-milling the mixture to produce a stable suspension. The emulsifiable concentrates and suspensions were then diluted with water to give an aqueous composition of the required concentration suitable for use in the evaluation of the pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicidal activity of the compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLE 8

The pre-emergent herbicidal activity of the compounds of the invention formulated as described in Example 7 was assessed by the following procedure.

The seeds of the test species were sown in rows 2 cm deep in soil contained in seed boxes. The monocotyledonous plants and the dicotyledonous plants were sown in separate boxes and after sowing the two boxes were sprayed with the required quantity of a composition of the invention. Two duplicate seed boxes were prepared in the same manner but were not sprayed with a composition of the invention and were used for comparison purposes. All the boxes were placed in a glasshouse, lightly watered with an overhead spray to initiate germination and then sub-irrigated as required for optimum plant growth. After three weeks the boxes were removed from the glasshouse and the effect of the treatment was visually assessed. The results are presented in Table 1 where the damage to plants is rated on a scale of from 0 to 3 where 0 represents from 0 to 25% damage, 3 represents 75 to 99% kill and 3+represents 100% kill. A dash (-) means that no experime was carried out.

The names of the test plants are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                Wh         Wheat                                                               Ot         Wild Oats                                                           Rg         Ryegrass                                                            Jm         Japanese millet                                                     P          Peas                                                                Ip         Ipomea                                                              Ms         Mustard                                                             Sf         Sunflower                                                    ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         PRE-EMERGENCE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY                                              Compound Application                                                                              Test Plant                                                  No       Rate kg/ha                                                                               Wh     Ot  Rg  Jm   P   Ip  Ms  Sf                          ______________________________________                                         21       5         3      0   2   3+   0   0   0   0                           21       1         1      0   0   3    0   0   0   0                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 9

The post-emergent herbicidal activity of the compounds of the invention formulated as described in Example 7 was assessed by the following procedure.

The seeds of the test species were sown in rows 2 cm deep in soil contained in seed boxes. The monocotyledonous plants and the dicotyledonous plants were sown in separate seed boxes in duplicate. The four seed boxes were placed in a glass house, lightly watered with an overhead spray to initiate germination and then sub-irrigated as required for optimum plant growth. After the plants had grown to a height of about 10 to 12.5 cm one box of each of the monocotyledonous plants and the dicotyledonous plants was removed from the glasshouse and sprayed with the required quantity of a composition of the invention. After spraying the boxes were returned to the glasshouse for a further 3 weeks and the effect of treatment was visually assessed by comparison with the untreated controls. The results are presented in Table 2 where the damage to plants is rated on a scale of from 0 to 3 where 0 represents 0 to 25% damage, 3 represents 75 to 99% kill and 3+represents 100% kill. A dash (-) means that no experiment was carried out.

The names of the test plants are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                Wh         Wheat                                                               Ot         Wild Oats                                                           Rg         Ryegrass                                                            Jm         Japanese millet                                                     P          Peas                                                                Ip         Ipomea                                                              Ms         Mustard                                                             Sf         Sunflower                                                    ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         POST-EMERGENCE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY                                             Compound                                                                               Application                                                                              Test Plant                                                   No      Rate kg/ha                                                                               Wh     Ot   Rg  Jm   P   Ip  Ms  Sf                          ______________________________________                                         21      5         3      3+   3   3+   0   0   0   0                           21      1         2      2    2   3    0   0   0   0                           ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 10

The compounds were formulated for test by mixing an appropriate amount with 5 ml of an emulsion prepared by diluting 160 ml of a solution containing 21.8 g per liter of "Span" 80 and 78.2 g per liter of "Tween" 20 in methylcyclohexanone to 500 ml with water. "Span" 80 is a Trade Mark for a surface active agent comprising sorbitan monolaurate. "Tween" 20 is a Trade Mark for a surface-active agent comprising a condensate of sorbitan monolaurate with 20 molar proportions of ethylene oxide. Each 5 ml emulsion containing a test compound was then diluted to 40 ml with water and sprayed on to young pot plants (post-emergence test) of the species named in Table 3 below. Damage to test plants was assessed after 14 days on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 is 0 to 20% damage and 5 is complete kill. In a test for pre-emergence herbicidal activity, seeds of the test plants were sown in a shallow slit formed in the surface of soil in fibre trays. The surface was then levelled and sprayed, and fresh soil then spread thinly over the sprayed surface. Assessment of herbicidal damage was carried out after 21 days using the same scale of 0 to 5 as the post-emergence test. In both cases the degree of herbicidal damage was assessed by comparison with untreated control plants. The results are given in Table 3 below. A dash (-) means that no experiment was carried out.

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________         APPLI-                                                                     Com-                                                                               CATION                                                                     pound                                                                              Method Rate                                                                           TEST PLANT                                                          No  (kg/ha)                                                                               Sb                                                                               Rp                                                                               Ct                                                                               Sy                                                                               Mz Mw Rc                                                                               Sn                                                                               Ip                                                                               Am Pi                                                                               Ca                                                                               Po                                                                               Xa                                                                               Ab                                                                               Cv                                                                               Ot                                                                               Dg Pu                                                                               St                                                                               Ec                                                                               Sh                                                                               Ag                                                                               Cn                __________________________________________________________________________     1   PRE 2  0 1 0 1 1  0  0 0 1 0  0 2 2 2 0 --                                                                               0 4  0 5 2 3 1 4                 1   PRE 0.5                                                                               0 0 --                                                                               1 -- 1  0 2 0 1  0 1 2 2 1 --       0                                                                              3                                                                              0                                                                              4 3 1 0 0                 1   PRE 0.2                                                                               1 1 --                                                                               0 0  0  0 0 1 0  0 0 0 0 1 --       0                                                                              0                                                                              0                                                                              0 0 0 0 0                 1   POST                                                                               2  0 0 0 0 1  0  1 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 1 0        0                                                                              5                                                                              0                                                                              4 4 4 0 0                 1   POST                                                                               0.5                                                                               0 0 0 0 1  0  0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 1 0        0                                                                              5                                                                              0                                                                              4 4 4 0 0                 1   POST                                                                               0.2                                                                               0 0 0 0 0  0  0 0 0 2  0 0 --                                                                               0 0 0        0                                                                              4                                                                              0                                                                              4 5 4 0 --                __________________________________________________________________________

The names of the test plants were as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         Sb            Sugar beet                                                       Rp            Rape                                                             Ct            Cotton                                                           Sy            Soy Bean                                                         Mz            Maize                                                            Ww            Winter Wheat                                                     Rc            Rice                                                             Sn            Senecio vulgaris                                                 Ip            Ipomea purpurea                                                  Am            Amaranthus retroflexus                                           Pi            Polygonum aviculare                                              Ca            Chenopodium album                                                Po            Portulaca oleracea                                               Xa            Xanthium pensylvanicum                                           Ab            Abutilon theophrasti                                             Cv            Convolvulus arvensis                                             Ot            Cultivated oats and wild oats                                                  (Avena fatua)                                                                  Wild oats are used in the post-                                                emergence test and cultivated                                                  oats in the pre-emergence test                                   Dg            Digitaria sanguinalis                                            Pu            Poa annua                                                        St            Setaria viridis                                                  Ec            Echinochloa crus-galli                                           Sh            Sorghum halepense                                                Ag            Agropyron repens                                                 Cn            Cyperus rotundus                                                 ______________________________________                                     

We claim:
 1. A compound of the formula II wherein: ##STR21## A, B, E, J, U, V and R² are hydrogen; D is chlorine;R¹ is methyl; W is the group ##STR22## wherein G is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy and the group OM wherein M is an alkali metal ion; X is oxygen; Y is chosen from oxygen and the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is chosen from hydrogen and methyl; and k, 1 and n are
 0. 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:A, B, E, J, U, V and R² are hydrogen; D is chlorine; R¹ is methyl; W is the group ##STR23## wherein G is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy and the group OM where M is sodium or potassium; X and Y are both oxygen; and k, l and n are
 0. 3. A compound according to claim 1 wherein:A, B, E, J, U, V and R² are hydrogen; D is chlorine; R¹ is methyl; W is the group ##STR24## wherein G is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy and the group OM wherein M is sodium or potassium; X is oxygen; Y is the group NR⁶ wherein R⁶ is methyl; and k, l and n are
 0. 4. A compound according to claim 1 chosen from the group consisting of the methyl and ethyl esters of 2-[4-(6-chloroquinazolin-2-yloxy)phenox]propionic acid and 2-{4-[N-(6-chloroquinazolin-2-yl)-N-methylamino]-phenoxy}propionic acid.
 5. The compound methyl 2-{4-[-(6-chloroquinazolin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propionate.
 6. A herbicidal composition consisting essentiallly of as active ingredient a compound as defined according to claim 1 and a carrier therefor.
 7. A process for severely damaging or killing unwanted plants which process comprises applying to said plants, or to the growth medium of said plants, an effective amount of a compound as defined according to claim
 1. 8. A process for selectively controlling the growth of monocotyledonous weeds in dicotyledonous crops which process comprises applying to said crop, or to the growth medium of said crop, a compound as defined according to claim 1 in an amount sufficient to severely damage or kill the weeds but insufficient to substantially damage the crop.
 9. A process according to claim 7 wherein the compound is applied at a rate in the range from 0.005 to 20 kilograms per hectare. 